Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive molecules that contain oxygen and are produced by metabolism in cells. They play a crucial role in various physiological processes, such as cell signaling and immune response. However, excessive production of ROS can lead to oxidative stress, causing damage to DNA, proteins, and lipids, and contributing to various diseases including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. Research in the area of reactive oxygen species focuses on understanding the mechanisms of ROS production, their role in signaling pathways and cellular function, and potential strategies for regulating their levels to prevent oxidative damage and associated diseases. This field of research involves a multidisciplinary approach, combining techniques from biochemistry, molecular biology, cell biology, and pharmacology to investigate the impact of ROS on cellular function and identify potential therapeutic targets for ROS-related diseases.